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STRESS AND THE WORKING WOMAN: THE NEW WOMAN

It was estimated at the beginning of this decade that approximately 90 percent of the female population has worked or will work for pay at some time in their lives. Does this statistic surprise you? A number of interesting factors combine to make the percentage so high.

Birth Control

For the first time in history, women control the timing of their children. The time before, in between, and after childbirth and child raising can be planned to a greater extent than ever before.

Kitchen Technology

Modern materials and machines save time, energy, and physical wear and tear. Convenience foods reduce cooking time—or even eliminate it altogether.

Reexamination of Anatomical Destiny

It has occurred to many people that if a woman can work and bring home a paycheck, a man can manage a household and raise children. Since we are living in a postindustrial society, most jobs today are service jobs that require brains rather than brawn. Even in physical work, such as firefighting or military combat training, women are proving their ability to hold their own. By choice or by necessity, both sexes are broadening their views about what different people can do for a living.

Inflation and Recession

Two incomes are not only better than one—they will probably be necessary to maintain a decent standard of living in the future and to carry a family over a period of strikes or unemployment.

Divorce

As you are undoubtedly aware by now, the divorce rate stands at 50 percent. No more can women count on "lifetime employment" as housewives or home-makers; nor, on the other hand, can they count on alimony. Alimony is going out of style—legally, practically, and socially. Divorced women work to support themselves, their children, and, often, their independence. Working provides the financial base for life choices that are alternatives to remarriage.

"Dutch Treat" Marriages

Women are staying single longer now than ever before. Their finances develop with their careers, and they see themselves as self-supporting individuals. The women's movement, of course, has reinforced the idea of personal autonomy in the economic as well as the emotional sphere—for both sexes. Thus, when one of these women ties the knot, the result is often what I call a "dutch treat" marriage. Both husband and wife maintain their own finances as when they were single, or they share expenses according to convenience or individual income.

For all these twentieth-century developments, however, the high percentage of working women really represents a reentry of women into the job market, not a new entry. Think about your own roots. You will most likely remember that your grandmothers and great-grandmothers worked. They may have managed the family business, worked in a shop, farmed, done domestic or factory work. In fact, the postwar '50s and '60s was probably one of the few periods in history when most women didn't have to work, since the economic boom during that era meant that one income was sufficient to support a whole family. The catch phrase "New Woman," then, could better be rephrased as "Renewed Woman."

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